In matematica per prodotto di Wallis si intende un'espressione del valore di π trovata nel 1655 dal matematico John Wallis .
∏
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⋅
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=
π
2
{\displaystyle \prod _{n=1}^{\infty }{\frac {(2n)}{(2n-1)}}\cdot {\frac {(2n)}{(2n+1)}}={\frac {2}{1}}\cdot {\frac {2}{3}}\cdot {\frac {4}{3}}\cdot {\frac {4}{5}}\cdot {\frac {6}{5}}\cdot {\frac {6}{7}}\cdot {\frac {8}{7}}\cdot {\frac {8}{9}}\cdots ={\frac {\pi }{2}}}
Consideriamo innanzitutto che le radici di sin(x)/x sono ±nπ, dove n = 1, 2, 3, ...
Possiamo quindi esprimere il seno tramite un prodotto infinito di fattori lineari dati dalle sue radici:
sin
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costante
{\displaystyle {\frac {\sin(x)}{x}}=k\left(1-{\frac {x}{\pi }}\right)\left(1+{\frac {x}{\pi }}\right)\left(1-{\frac {x}{2\pi }}\right)\left(1+{\frac {x}{2\pi }}\right)\left(1-{\frac {x}{3\pi }}\right)\left(1+{\frac {x}{3\pi }}\right)\cdots \qquad {\textrm {con}}~k~{\textrm {costante}}}
Per trovare la costante k, consideriamo il limite da entrambe le direzioni:
lim
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sin
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x
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lim
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k
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=
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{\displaystyle \lim _{x\to 0}{\frac {\sin(x)}{x}}=\lim _{x\to 0}\left(k\left(1-{\frac {x}{\pi }}\right)\left(1+{\frac {x}{\pi }}\right)\left(1-{\frac {x}{2\pi }}\right)\left(1+{\frac {x}{2\pi }}\right)\left(1-{\frac {x}{3\pi }}\right)\left(1+{\frac {x}{3\pi }}\right)\cdots \right)=k}
Sfruttando il fatto che:
lim
x
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0
sin
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x
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1
{\displaystyle \lim _{x\to 0}{\frac {\sin(x)}{x}}=1}
ricaviamo k=1. Dunque otteniamo la seguente formula di Eulero-Wallis per il seno:
sin
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π
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π
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⋯
{\displaystyle {\frac {\sin(x)}{x}}=\left(1-{\frac {x}{\pi }}\right)\left(1+{\frac {x}{\pi }}\right)\left(1-{\frac {x}{2\pi }}\right)\left(1+{\frac {x}{2\pi }}\right)\left(1-{\frac {x}{3\pi }}\right)\left(1+{\frac {x}{3\pi }}\right)\cdots }
sin
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x
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⋯
{\displaystyle {\frac {\sin(x)}{x}}=\left(1-{\frac {x^{2}}{\pi ^{2}}}\right)\left(1-{\frac {x^{2}}{4\pi ^{2}}}\right)\left(1-{\frac {x^{2}}{9\pi ^{2}}}\right)\cdots }
Poniamo x=π/2,
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{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{\pi /2}}=\left(1-{\frac {1}{2^{2}}}\right)\left(1-{\frac {1}{4^{2}}}\right)\left(1-{\frac {1}{6^{2}}}\right)\cdots =\prod _{n=1}^{\infty }(1-{\frac {1}{4n^{2}}})}
π
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{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}{\frac {\pi }{2}}&=\prod _{n=1}^{\infty }({\frac {4n^{2}}{4n^{2}-1}})\end{aligned}}}
=
∏
n
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∞
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(
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⋅
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6
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6
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8
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8
9
⋯
=
π
2
{\displaystyle =\prod _{n=1}^{\infty }{\frac {(2n)}{(2n-1)}}\cdot {\frac {(2n)}{(2n+1)}}={\frac {2}{1}}\cdot {\frac {2}{3}}\cdot {\frac {4}{3}}\cdot {\frac {4}{5}}\cdot {\frac {6}{5}}\cdot {\frac {6}{7}}\cdot {\frac {8}{7}}\cdot {\frac {8}{9}}\cdots ={\frac {\pi }{2}}}
QED
Legame con l'approssimazione di Stirling
modifica