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Ordinamento giuridico dell'Italia
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L'ordinamento giuridico della Repubblica Italiana è il sistema legale in vigore in Italia. La legge italiana ammette una pluralità di fonti del diritto, ordinate sulla base di un principio gerarchico.,in base a cui le disposizioni di una fonte inferiore These are arranged in a hierarchical scale, under which the rule of a lower source cannot conflict with the rule of an upper source (hierarchy of sources).[1]
The Constitution of 1948 is the main source.[2] The Italian civil code is based on codified Roman law with elements of the Napoleonic civil code and later statutes. The civil code of 1942 replaced the original one of 1865.[2] The penal code ("The Rocco Code") was also written under fascism (1930).
Both the civil code and the penal code have been modified in order to be in conformity with the current democratic constitution and with social changes.[2]
Legislative power
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Article 117 of the Constitution of Italy shares legislative power, according to the concerned matters, between Italian Parliament[3] and regional councils. While a law ratified by the national Parliament is simply called legge and is enforced on the whole country, laws ratified by regional councils are named leggi regionali (regional laws) and can be applied only in the concerned region.[4] Parliament is competent to legislate for the matters expressly indicated in the second paragraph of Article 117, while the Regions are competent to legislate for the remaining matters (residual competence).[5]
There is also a second list of matters contained in the third paragraph of article 117 called matters of concurrent legislation, in which the Regions have legislative power, except for the determination of fundamental principles (framework laws), reserved to the State.[6]
The Government can also issue an act having the force of law (called decreto-legge, "law decree"), but this must be confirmed later by Parliament, under penalty of forfeiture of the law decree.[7] Furthermore, the Parliament can delegate the Government (through a law called legge delega, "delegation law", which must precede government regulation) to legislate on a certain subject, but at the same time establishes the margins within which the Government can move in legislating.[8] The normative act issued in this way by the Government takes the name of decreto legislativo, "legislative decree".[9] The power of legislative initiative is attributed to each parliamentarian, to the people, through the institution of the popular law proposal, carried out by collecting at least 50,000 signatures, and to the Council of Ministers, whose bills must however be countersigned by the President of the Italian Republic.[10]
Still in the sphere of legislative power, there are some cases in which it belongs to the sovereign people: through the institution of the abrogative referendum and, in constitutional matters, through the institution of the confirmatory referendum of constitutional laws.[11] All laws must be promulgated by the President of the Italian Republic who can postpone it only once, otherwise he would have the right to veto a law in Parliament if he considers that it is in conflict with the Constitution.[12]
Sources of law
modificaIn Italy the legal norms originate from the following sources:[13]
- Internal sources:
- Constitution, which regulates the formation of laws and determines the discipline of regulatory acts;
- State and regional laws, as well as decrees (government acts issued when there is an urgent matter that requires timely intervention) and legislative decrees (acts issued by the government as delegated by the Parliament which establishes basic principles and indications that the government must follow to propose the law);
- Government regulation, issued by the Government, ministers and other administrative authorities;
- Customary law, a source subordinated to the law and which can operate only within the limits permitted by the law itself.
- International sources: norms adopted by a group of states on the basis of one or more international agreements, united in a supranational organization, which stand above the individual laws of each member state but which have no direct effect on citizens. They are called treaties or agreements. In addition to written conventions, international customs must be included among the international sources.
- Acts of the European Union.
With regard to external sources art. 117 of the Italian Constitution: "Legislative power is exercised by the State and by the Regions in compliance with the Constitution, as well as with the constraints deriving from the community order and international obligations".[14]
Private law
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Private law is that part of a civil law legal system which is part of the jus commune that involves relationships between individuals, such as the law of contracts and torts[15] (as it is called in the common law), and the law of obligations (as it is called in civil legal systems). In Italian law, the main regulatory body for private law is the Italian civil code, which governs both civil and commercial law.[16] The Italian civil code was approved with Royal decree no. 262 of 16 March 1942 and entered into force on 21 April of the same year.[17] It was born from the merger between the Italian Civil Code of 1865 and the Italian Commercial Code of 1882.[18] It is divided into six books, composed in turn into titles, chapters, sections, as well as 2,969 articles.[19] The six books deal respectively of people and family, heritage, property, bonds, working and protection of rights.[19]
Public law
modificaPublic law is the part of law that governs relations between legal persons and a government,[20] between different institutions within a state, between different branches of governments,[21] as well as relationships between persons that are of direct concern to society. Public law comprises constitutional law, administrative law and criminal law.[20]
Constitutional law
modificaConstitutional law is a body of law which defines the role, powers, and structure of different entities within a state, namely, the executive, the parliament or legislature, and the judiciary. The Constitution of the Italian Republic[22] is composed of 139 articles (five of which were later abrogated) and arranged into three main parts: Principi Fondamentali, the Fundamental Principles (articles 1–12); Part I concerning the Diritti e Doveri dei Cittadini, or Rights and Duties of Citizens (articles 13–54); and Part II the Ordinamento della Repubblica, or Organisation of the Republic (articles 55–139); followed by 18 Disposizioni transitorie e finali, the Transitory and Final Provisions.
It is important to note that the Constitution primarily contains general principles; it is not possible to apply them directly. As with many written constitutions, only few articles are considered to be self-executing. The majority require enabling legislation, referred to as accomplishment of constitution.[23] This process has taken decades and some contend that, due to various political considerations, it is still not complete.
Administrative law
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Administrative law is the division of law that governs the activities of executive branch agencies of government. In Italian law, the main regulatory body for private law is the Italian administrative process code, which was approved with legislative decree no. 104 of 2 July 2010.[24] It was issued in implementation of article 44 of the delegated law no. 69, which authorized the government to reorganize the administrative process, and entered into force on 16 September 2010.[24] It includes 137 articles.[24]
Criminal law
modificaCriminal law is the body of law that relates to crime. It prescribes conduct perceived as threatening, harmful, or otherwise endangering to the property, health, safety, and moral welfare of people inclusive of one's self. Criminal law includes the punishment and rehabilitation of people who violate the penal laws. In Italian law, the main regulatory body for criminal law is the Italian penal code, which is one of the sources of Italian criminal law together with the Constitution and special laws.[25] The Italian penal code was approved with Royal decree no. 1,398 of 19 October 1930 and entered into force on 1 July 1931.[26] The Italian penal code is organized into three books, which are in turn divided into titles, chapters, sections, paragraphs and articles, as well as 734 articles.
See also
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References
modifica- ^ GERARCHIA DELLE FONTI, su dirittoeconomia.net.
- ^ a b c Guide to Law Online: Italy | Law Library of Congress, su loc.gov.
- ^ Occasional parliamentary majorities can have serious distortive effects on the legislation, such as ignoring warnings of qualified organs regarding the lack of an administrative or financial cover for certain provisions: Nei disegni di legge di conversione solo emendamenti "in tema", in Guida Agli Enti Locali, 2012.
- ^ Articolo 117, Senate of the Republic official website: www.senato.it
- ^ Le competenze legislative alla luce del nuovo titolo V della costituzione, su consiglio.provincia.tn.it.
- ^ La riforma costituzionale del titolo V della seconda parte della Costituzione: gli effetti sull’ordinamento, su lexitalia.it.
- ^ Il Decreto Legge, su altalex.com.
- ^ Cosa sono legge delega e decreto legislativo, su openpolis.it.
- ^ Il decreto legislativo, su studiocataldi.it.
- ^ Controfirma ministeriale, su web.camera.it.
- ^ Referendum: la prima volta del confermativo dopo 14 abrogativi, su www1.interno.gov.it.
- ^ Il rinvio presidenziale delle leggi, su diritto.it.
- ^ Quali sono le fonti del diritto, su laleggepertutti.it.
- ^ La Costituzione - Articolo 117, su senato.it.
- ^ Ugo Mattei, The Project - Delivered at the first general meeting on July 6, 1995 - The Trento Common Core Project, in The Common Core of European Private Law, Common Core Organizing Secretariat, The International University College of Turin, 18 May 2010.
- ^ Il diritto commerciale dalle origini ad oggi e la sua disciplina nel codice civile, su diritto.it.
- ^ 21 aprile 1942, su mondointernazionale.com.
- ^ CODICE, su treccani.it.
- ^ a b Codice Civile, su testolegge.com.
- ^ a b Elizabeth A. Martin, Oxford Dictionary of Law, 7th, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2003, ISBN 0198607563.
- ^ Public Law: Cases, Commentary and Analysis, Third, Toronto, ON, Emond Montgomery Publishing Ltd., 2015, p. 4, ISBN 978-1-55239-664-3.
- ^ The Italian Constitution, su quirinale.it, The official website of the Presidency of the Italian Republic.
- ^ Adams, John Clarke and Barile, Paolo The Implementation of the Italian Constitution Archiviato il 21 January 2022 Data nell'URL non combaciante: 21 gennaio 2022 in Internet Archive. The American Political Science Review volume 47 no. 1 (pp. 61-83), March 1953
- ^ a b c D.Lgs. 2 luglio 2010, n. 104., su edizionieuropee.it.
- ^ Codice penale: leggi speciali e complementari, su nonnodondolo.it.
- ^ REGIO DECRETO 19 ottobre 1930, n. 1398, su normattiva.it.
Bibliography
modifica- Ettore Salvatore D'Elia and Mario Ragona. In Winterton and Moys (eds). Information Sources in Law. Second edition. Bowker-Saur. 1997. Chapter Sixteen: Italy. Pages 271 to 292.
External links
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Wikimedia Commons contiene immagini o altri file su MostroDellaLaguna/Sandbox- Guide to Law Online - Italy
Template:Italy topics Template:Law in Europe