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Ichirō Ozawa
Ichiro Ozawa durante un comizio elettorale in Hokkaido il 18 luglio 2001
Ministro degli affari interni
Durata mandato28 dicembre 1985 –
22 luglio 1986
Capo del governoYasuhiro Nakasone
PredecessoreTōru Furuya
SuccessoreNobuyuki Hanashi
Segretario generale del Partito Liberal Democratico
Durata mandatoagosto 1989 –
aprile 1991
PresidenteToshiki Kaifu
PredecessoreRyutaro Hashimoto
SuccessoreKeizō Obuchi
Membro della Camera dei rappresentanti del Giappone
In carica
Inizio mandato27 dicembre 1969
CircoscrizionePrefettura di Iwate 2 (1969–1996)
Prefettura di Iwate 4 (1996–2017)
Prefettura di Iwate 3 (2017–2021)
Tōhoku PR (2021–presente)
Dati generali
Partito politicoPCD (dal 2020)
In precedenza:
PLD (prima del 1993)
PRG (1993–1994)
Shinshintō (1994–1997)
Liberale (1998–2003)
DPJ (2003–2012)
Kokumin no Seikatsu ga Dai'ichi (2012)
Mirai (2012)
Seikatsu-no-tō (2012–2016)
Partito Liberale (2016–2019)
Partito Democratico per il Popolo (2019–2020)
Titolo di studioLaurea in Giurisprudenza
UniversitàUniversità Keio
Università Nihon
ProfessioneFunzionario politico
Firma[[File:
|130px|Firma di Ichirō Ozawa]]

Ichirō Ozawa (小沢一郎?, Ozawa Ichirō; Tokyo, 24 maggio 1942) è un politico giapponese. Membro della Camera dei rappresentanti dal 1969, rappresentando vari distretti elettorali della Prefettura di Iwate [1], è soprannominato "l'oscuro Shōgun", per la sua influenza dietro le quinte della politica giapponese.[2][3]

Dalla sua entrata in politica membro del Partito Liberal Democratico (abbreviato in Jimintō (自民党) o, in italiano, PLD), servendo come segretario generale dal 1989 al 1991, lasciò il partito nel 1993, diventando negli anni capo di molti altri partiti politici. Dopo aver co-fondato il Partito di Rinnovamento del Giappone con Tsutomu Hata, con il quale formò un breve coalizione di governo con molti altri partiti opposti al PLD, Ozawa divenne presidente del partito di opposizione Shinshintō dal 1995 al 1997, presidente del Partito Liberale tra il 1998 e il 2003 (che fece parte di una coalizione di governo con il PLD di Keizō Obuchi negli anni 1999 e 2000), presidente del Partito Democratico del Giappone (DPJ) dal 2006 al 2009 e, una volta abbandonata questa carica, ne divenne segretario generale dal 2009 al 2010. Nel luglio 2012 lasciò il DPJ e con una cinquantina di fuoriusciti fondò il Kokumin no Seikatsu ga Dai'ichi (in italiano, "La vita delle persone al primo posto") in protesta verso il piano del DPJ di innalzamento generale del costo delle accise.[4] Questo movimento confluì nell'appena fondato Partito del Giappone di Domani, guidato dal governatore della Prefettura di Shiga Yukiko Kada prima delle elezioni generali del 2012, dove però raccolse pochi voti. Ozawa e alcuni suoi seguaci lasciarono per formare il Seikatsu-no-tō (in italiano, "Partito della Vita").[5]

Early life

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Ozawa was born in Tokyo on 24 May 1942. His father, Saeki, was a self-made businessman, who was elected to the House of Representatives from Iwate district. The hometown of his family was Mizusawa, Iwate, which remained the stories of the Emishi leader Aterui's resistance movement.[6]

Ozawa attended Keio University, graduating in 1967, and entered postgraduate school in Nihon University. Ozawa was majoring in law and intended to become an attorney. In May 1968, his father died of heart failure.

Political career

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Tanaka faction (1969–1987)

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Ozawa with Stanford R. Ovshinsky and Kakuei Tanaka

After his father's death, Ozawa ran for his father's seat in the 1969 general election, winning the seat at the age of 27. He held the seat, now known as the Iwate 4th district, until the 2021 general election, winning fourteen re-elections over more than four decades. Shortly after his initial election, he was diagnosed with thyroid cancer, temporarily lost his voice and considered resigning from politics, but he made a full recovery after undergoing surgery.

Ozawa joined the political faction led by Kakuei Tanaka, which then supported Prime Minister Eisaku Satō. Ozawa became one of Tanaka's closest allies in the Diet. After Tanaka was charged in the Lockheed bribery scandals, Ozawa was the only faction member who attended each of Tanaka's 191 court dates; Ozawa later commented that "the man in power of the day, who took care of me, was made to sit on a bench all day long and I couldn't bear if he was there alone with nobody around;" he also characterized Tanaka as a "scapegoat" on the basis that other politicians were involved in similar activity.[7]

Ozawa was appointed to lead the LDP's election strategy in the 1983 general election, the first to employ a closed list system, and led the effort to elect Sadakazu Tanigaki and Hiromu Nonaka to fill open seats representing Kyoto Prefecture. By the 1980s, he became one of the popular young leaders in the LDP, along with Tsutomu Hata and Ryutaro Hashimoto, both of whom were later elected as prime ministers, in the Tanaka/Takeshita faction. His rivalry with Hashimoto was particularly prominent, being dubbed the Ichi-Ryu War by the press.

After long service on key parliamentary committees, Ozawa's first ministerial appointment was in 1985 when he took on the Home Affairs portfolio under Yasuhiro Nakasone. Prime Minister Yasuhiro Nakasone was impressed with his negotiation skills, particularly his ability to persuade opposition parties to pass difficult consumption tax legislation. Ozawa's skill in behind-the-scenes maneuvers led to a meteoric rise in power within the LDP, although there were also many factions who turned against him. Senior leaders resented having to appeal to the much younger Ozawa for support. (Kiichi Miyazawa, twenty years his senior, once addressed Ozawa as "Great Secretary General" in a leadership meeting). Ozawa's reputation for organisation was soon matched by his reputation as a young upstart.

Takeshita faction (1987–1993)

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Ozawa joined the group led by Noboru Takeshita that left the Tanaka faction in 1987, shortly before Kakuei Tanaka suffered a stroke and was incapacitated. He became one of the key members of the faction, along with Keizo Obuchi and Ryutaro Hashimoto, both of whom later served as prime ministers.

Ozawa became deputy chairman of the Takeshita faction under Shin Kanemaru's leadership, and became LDP Secretary General from 1989 to 1991. By 1991 Takeshita, Kanemaru and Ozawa were considered the three strongest members of the faction. However, Ozawa was hurt by a poor LDP showing in the Tokyo gubernatorial election of 1991 as well as heart problems that surfaced around that time.[8]

Kanemaru stepped down in 1992, and Ozawa backed finance minister Tsutomu Hata to replace him. The faction's eight member steering committee nominated Obuchi as chairman by a 5–0 vote, with Ozawa and two of his supporters having boycotted the meeting. Obuchi proposed reducing the faction leader's degree of control over the faction in an attempt to keep Ozawa within the faction, but Ozawa began to plan his departure.[9]

Split from the LDP (1993–1998)

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In 1993, Ozawa and Hata left the LDP to form the splinter Japan Renewal Party, seriously destabilising the LDP and leading to the ending its 38–year dominance of Japanese politics. Ozawa was extremely successful in luring LDP members to the Renewal Party, causing the LDP to lose its majority in the Diet. In keeping with his previous LDP role, Ozawa became the behind-the-scenes power broker of the large coalition that took power in the wake of the LDP split.

While Ozawa and Hata were the most experienced administrators, they decided to name Morihiro Hosokawa, leader of the tiny Japan New Party, as coalition leader. This was done both as a gesture of neutrality to the other coalition members, and as a means of keeping Hata in the wings as a future option if Hosokawa proved unsuccessful. While Hosokawa served as Prime Minister, Ozawa was recognised as the major political force in the coalition. He capitalised on his reputation in 1993 by publishing a clear statement of his principles in the book Blueprint for a New Japan (日本改造計画?, Nihon Kaizō Keikaku). The book called for political, legal and military reform to transform Japan into what Ozawa called a "normal nation." Strong ideological consistency was uncommon in Japanese politicians, and the book had considerable impact.

Ozawa's insistence on a more assertive role for Japan in international affairs caused friction with members of the Japan Socialist Party in the coalition. Eventually, the Socialists left to form a coalition with the LDP, leaving Tsutomu Hata in charge of a minority government that fell in June 1994. Many, including Hata, blamed Ozawa for the loss. Ozawa himself began to move into the public eye, especially with the arrival of the New Frontier Party. Former Prime Minister Toshiki Kaifu had founded the New Frontier Party in 1994. After joining the coalition, it became a catch-all party for the merger of several smaller parties.

After a bitter leadership struggle in 1995, Ozawa took over the party, just as his old rival Ryutaro Hashimoto was assuming leadership of the LDP. Most commentators believed that a new Ichi-Ryu War would finally provide a genuinely competitive two-party system in Japanese politics. Under Ozawa, the NFP made the second-strongest showing in the 1996 general election. However, the New Frontier Party was already beginning to unravel. Ozawa's autocratic leadership style alienated many of his former allies, and even Tsutomu Hata, disillusioned after his leadership battle with Ozawa, seceded to form the Sun Party in 1996. By 1998, so many had abandoned Ozawa that he announced the dissolution of the New Frontier Party.

Liberal Party (1998–2002)

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Making a campaign speech for members of the Liberal Party in Hokkaido on 18 July 2001

Upon the dissolution of the New Frontier Party, Ozawa took his remaining followers to found the Liberal Party. The Liberal Party formed a coalition with the LDP in 1999 to support Keizō Obuchi as prime minister. Obuchi began negotiating a future merger of the Liberal Party with the LDP. The idea of Ozawa returning was met with mixed reaction in the LDP. The YKK partnership of Taku Yamasaki, Junichiro Koizumi and Koichi Kato was strongly opposed to Ozawa, along with anti-reformer Hiromu Nonaka. Powerful faction leader Shizuka Kamei supported Ozawa, chiefly due to similar views on military reform. Eventually, Ozawa's enemies were successful in blocking the merger.

Democratic Party of Japan (2002–2012)

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Shut out of the LDP, Ozawa and his party joined the Democratic Party of Japan prior to the 2003 general election, reuniting with his old ally Tsutomu Hata under DPJ president Naoto Kan.

In 2004, Ozawa was affected by a pension scandal. Although cleared of any legal wrongdoing, he stepped down from the DPJ leadership elections, in which he had been unopposed. This forced Katsuya Okada to assume leadership of the party. Okada resigned after his party suffered dramatic losses against the increasingly popular Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi in the September 2005 general election, and his successor Seiji Maehara resigned in April 2006. Ozawa was elected president again on 7 April. The Economist called Ozawa an "increasingly ineffectual bully" in July 2007 and partially blamed him both for enervating reformists in his own party and for DPJ failure to profit from LDP predicaments.[10]

 
With Yukio Hatoyama (left) at the Laforet Museum, Roppongi on 30 August 2009

Nonetheless, Ozawa led the party to its largest victory in history in the upper house election on 29 July 2007. On 4 November 2007, Ozawa announced he would resign as leader of the DPJ, after a controversial proposal made by Prime Minister Yasuo Fukuda about a grand coalition between the DPJ and the ruling LDP. He brought the proposal to a meeting of the DPJ leadership, which rejected it. He faced criticism for failing to immediately reject the proposal. At a news conference, he said that he took responsibility for this political turmoil.[11] He also said that he was not leaving the party.[12] There was speculation that the proposal originally came from Ozawa. However, Ozawa denied the press speculation except the Asahi Shimbun and the Nihon Keizai Shimbun, and he said that they manipulated public opinion.[13] It was reported that the power broker of the proposal was Yomiuri Shimbun's executive director Tsuneo Watanabe.[14] On 6 November 2007, he retracted his resignation offer after he was asked to stay on as leader by senior party officials and members.[15]

The DPJ re-elected Ozawa as party leader for the third time on 21 September 2008. Ozawa stated on this occasion: "I will do my best, considering this is my last chance to put an end to the LDP-led government and bring about a government that puts a priority on people's lives."[16][17] He was also announced by Secretary-General Yukio Hatoyama to have decided to switch from Iwate Constituency No. 4 to Tokyo Constituency No. 12 at the next House of Representatives election.[18] On 24 September 2008, the House of Councillors, controlled by the DPJ, elected Ozawa as Prime Minister; however, the House of Representatives, controlled by the LDP, elected Taro Aso instead, overrode the upper house's decision.[19]

 
With Vladimir Putin (right) in Tokyo on 12 May 2009

In 2009, Ozawa became implicated in the falsification of political funding reports on 400 million yen of campaign donations to his political organization. He resigned as DPJ president in May 2009, while the investigation was still ongoing,[20] and was succeeded by Yukio Hatoyama. Nonetheless, during the August 2009 general election, Ozawa acted as the DPJ's chief election strategist and remained a very powerful figure in the party. The DPJ won an overwhelming victory in the 2009 election and Hatoyama became prime minister, and it was believed that Ozawa's influence would increase further.[21]

The investigation into Ozawa's finances continued despite the DPJ's victory. By January 2010, two of Ozawa's aides had been arrested and one poll found 70% public support for forcing Ozawa to leave office.[22] A prosecution inquest panel concluded in April that "it is highly likely that Ozawa is an accomplice and should therefore stand trial."[23] Hatoyama and Ozawa announced their resignations as president and secretary general of the DPJ in June, due in part to the scandal as well as Hatoyama's failure to keep a campaign pledge regarding US military bases in Okinawa. Their resignations were intended to save the DPJ's chances in the House of Councillors election later that year.[24]

Ozawa was formally indicted in January 2011 for his involvement in the scandal.[25] The Tokyo District Court rejected most of the depositions taken by prosecutors in the case on procedural grounds,[20] and Ozawa was eventually acquitted in April.[26] Prosecutors appealed the case to the Tokyo High Court, which upheld Ozawa's acquittal in November 2012.[27]

Post-DPJ (2012–present)

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After a disagreement with DPJ prime minister Yoshihiko Noda over a rise in the consumption tax, Ozawa left the DPJ along with 49 other lawmakers in July 2012.[28] Later that month he formed the People's Life First (PLF) party, which became the third largest party in the lower house of the Japanese Parliament. The focus of the new party was to reduce Japan's reliance on nuclear power and to oppose the consumption tax increase.[29]

Shortly before the 2012 general election, Ozawa and the members of PLF merged with the newly founded Tomorrow Party of Japan of Shiga governor Yukiko Kada. The party went into the election with 12 members in the upper house and 61 in the lower house, but performed poorly, with only nine members in the lower house being re-elected. The upper house members were not up for re-election.[30][31]

Tensions grew within the party and on 29 December 2012 the Ozawa group split from the TPJ and formed the Life Party while suggesting continued corroborationTemplate:Clarify between both parties. Tomoko Abe remained the only TPJ diet member, meaning that the TPJ could not maintain official party status in the diet, which requires five members. Abe and Kada sounded out Green Wind, which has four Diet members, over a possible merger, but the talks were not successful.[5] After the Shiga prefectural assembly passed a resolution requesting Kada to stop doubling as governor and the head of the TPJ, she resigned as head of the party on 4 January 2013.[32]

Long after he last held an influential party post, Ozawa remains widely respected in opposition circles. He is still frequently consulted by opposition party leaders for electoral and campaign strategy against the long-ruling LDP.[33]

On 26 April 2019, Ozawa agreed to merge the Liberal Party into the Democratic Party for the People,[34] which in turn merged into the Constitutional Democratic Party in 2020.

In the 2021 general election, Ozawa's 53-year-long reign in Iwate Prefecture's local electoral constituencies came to end after he was defeated by LDP opponent Takashi Fujiwara, who beat Ozawa with a 4.1% margin of victory. This came after Ozawa won in 2017 with a 14.84% margin of victory. Nonetheless, he did manage to stay in the House of Representatives through the Tohoku PR block.[35]

In November 2023, Ozawa publicly said of CDP's leader Kenta Izumi that "It would be better if he resigns (as representative)" following a statement by Izumi that he aimed to change the government within the next five years, with Ozawa criticizing the words and stating that "What will the people think if the main opposition party says it won't aim for the government? No one will support it." Earlier in the same year, he founded a parliamentary faction inside the CDP, leading to the belief that Ozawa is looking to build up his influence again in preparation of another opposition leadership election.[36]

Views

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Formerly known as a conservative politician in the LDP, he now takes liberal stances on domestic and international policies. The wide political spectrum in the Democratic Party forced Ozawa to take eclectic approaches, which has become a main source for criticism against him. Aside from his policies, he is also criticised for his aggressive power game tendencies in the reorganisation of Japanese political parties in the 1990s. Some critics accuse him of being an opportunist, and point to his repeated party movements. His defenders say that in the relatively ideology-free landscape of Japanese politics, it is his adherence to principle that forces him into conflict with others.

Constitution

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Following its surrender on 2 September 1945, the Empire of Japan was deprived of sovereignty by the Allies, and the Meiji Constitution was suspended. During the Occupation of Japan, the Meiji Constitution was replaced by a new document, the postwar Constitution of Japan, which replaced the imperial rule with a form of Western-style liberal democracy. Ozawa claims that the Constitution of Japan is not a just constitution and that it is invalid.[37] Ozawa pointed out Japan's diplomatic disability in international affairs, particularly revealed in the Gulf War in 1990.[38]

Foreign relations

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Ozawa expressed admiration for American democracy and praised Americans for electing Barack Obama as president in an August 2010 speech, but he also labeled Americans as "monocellular" or "simple-minded" (単細胞 tan saibō).[39][40] In the same speech, Ozawa said, "I don't like British people."[41][42]

Ozawa characterized the War in Afghanistan as an American fight that "had nothing to do with the United Nations or the international community."[43] Ozawa published an article in the leftist monthly political magazine Sekai in October 2007, stating his intention to deploy the Japan Self-Defense Forces as part of the UN-mandated International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) to Afghanistan if he ever assumes power in the new cabinet. The article was published as a rebuttal to a UN political officer who criticised Ozawa's position to oppose Japan's continual support of the maritime interdiction forces in the Indian Ocean.[44] The article was published with the intent to provide a viable alternative to the government's plan to continue stationing the Maritime Defense Forces for logistical support of Operation Enduring Freedom in Afghanistan. However, faced with mounting criticism from both sides of the political spectrum, Ozawa later softened his statement and explained that his intent was to deploy the GSDF (Ground Self-Defense Forces) for logistical support of the civilian component of ISAF, presumably suggesting the PRT or Provincial Reconstruction Team which is a civil-military cooperation unit that works on reconstruction efforts in the provincial areas of Afghanistan. On 24 February 2008, he stated that only the United States Seventh Fleet should be based in Japan.[45] His remarks drew criticism from members of both the LDP and DPJ.[46][47]

Christianity

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In November 2009, while visiting the president of the Japan Buddhist Federation, Ozawa declared that Christianity is an "exclusive and self-righteous religion" and that "European and U.S. societies with a background of Christianity are bogged down". He also stated that Islam "is better than Christianity but it is also exclusive."[48]

Personal life

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Ozawa married Kazuko Fukuda, the daughter of a wealthy Tanaka supporter. With Kazuko, Ozawa fathered three sons who were raised in Iwate Prefecture.[49] In June 2012, the magazine Shukan Bunshun published a letter from Kazuko stating that the couple would divorce, alleging that "Ozawa ran away with his secretaries because of fear of radiation" in the wake of the Fukushima disaster of March 2011.[50]

References

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  1. ^ 立候補者情報：選挙区：岩手３区：衆院選２０１７：時事ドットコム, su jiji.com.
  2. ^ Onishi, Norimitsu, For Japan's Insider-Turned-Rebel, Decade-Old Revolution Is Still a Work in Progress, in The New York Times, 18 January 2004.
  3. ^ Japan's Ichiro Ozawa 'won't quit' over funding row, BBC, 16 January 2010.
  4. ^ The Daily Yomiuri Ozawa, DPJ rebels create new party 12 July 2012 Retrieved on 12 July 2012
  5. ^ a b Eric Johnston, Ozawa, Diet cohorts keep party, subsidy, leave Shiga Gov. Kada with Nippon Mirai name only, in The Japan Times.
  6. ^ (JA) {{{title}}}, in Web Seiron, January 2008.
  7. ^ Jacob M. Schlesinger, Flashback: Ozawa in Court, 30 September 2011.
  8. ^ Japan's Small, Smoke Filled Room, 25 August 1991.
  9. ^ Sam Jameson, Japan Party Faction Divided over New Leader, 23 October 1992.
  10. ^ Japan's hapless government, 5 July 2007.
  11. ^ Japan's main opposition party leader Ozawa to stay, 7 November 2007.
  12. ^ "DPJ leader Ozawa hands in resignation over grand coalition controversy" Archiviato il 9 November 2007 Data nell'URL non combaciante: 9 novembre 2007 in Internet Archive., Japan News Review, 4 November 2007.
  13. ^ Ozawa abruptly announces resignation, in The Asahi Shimbun, 5 November 2007.
  14. ^ "DPJ leader Ozawa says he will try his utmost to win next general election", Mainichi Daily News, 8 November 2007
  15. ^ Ozawa Retracts Resignation as Japan Opposition Leader, Bloomberg L.P., 6 November 2007.
  16. ^ Koike launches bid to be Japan's first woman PM, 8 settembre 2008.
  17. ^ poligazette.com, Japan’s First Female PM In the Making
  18. ^ yomiuri.co.jp, Hatoyama says Ozawa to switch constituency
  19. ^ Joseph Coleman, "Japan ruling party leader elected prime minister"[collegamento interrotto], MYnews, 24 September 2008.
  20. ^ a b Kosuke Takahashi, Phoenix-like Ozawa set to re-ignite Japan, 27 April 2012.
  21. ^ Michiyo Nakamoto, "All eyes focus on victorious party's autocratic strategist", Financial Times, 31 August 2009.
  22. ^ Poll: Majority want Ozawa resignation, in United Press International, 17 January 2010.
  23. ^ [1][collegamento interrotto], NHK World, 27 April 2010.
  24. ^ Hatoyama resigns and takes Ozawa with him, 3 June 2010.
  25. ^ Hongo, Jun, and Masami Ito, "Ozawa charged over funds misreporting", The Japan Times, 1 February 2011, p. 1.
  26. ^ Asahi Shimbun Ozawa found not guilty of falsifying fund reports April 26, 2012 Archiviato il 26 April 2012 Data nell'URL non combaciante: 26 aprile 2012 in Internet Archive.
  27. ^ Daily Yomiuri Ozawa acquittal upheld / Intention key in high court's ruling in political funds case 13 November 2012
  28. ^ BBC News, Japan's Ichiro Ozawa quits ruling party over sales tax, 2 July 2012.
  29. ^ Japan's Ichiro Ozawa forms rival political party, 12 July 2012.
  30. ^ Ozawa only DPJ defector to win district December 18, 2012
  31. ^ Huffington Post Japan Elections 2012: China Hawk Wins Landslides Victory 17 December 2012
  32. ^ Daily Yomiuri Kada resigns as head of Nippon Mirai no To 5 January 2012
  33. ^ Tatsuo Kawai, Ozawa up to his old tricks as ouster of LDP back to the fore, in The Asahi Shimbun, 26 July 2018.
  34. ^ (EN) Democratic Party for the People, Japan's second-largest opposition force, absorbs Ozawa's Liberals, in The Japan Times, 26 aprile 2019.
  35. ^ (EN) Shadow of a shogun: Ichiro Ozawa loses in district for first time, su japantimes.co.jp, 1º novembre 2021.
  36. ^ 立憲の「小沢グループ」本格始動　「政権、念頭ないなら代表辞めて」, su asahi.com, Asahi Shimbun Digital.
  37. ^ People's Life Party's web
  38. ^ Martin, Alex, "Don't count Ozawa out until he is", The Japan Times, 17 June 2011, p. 3.
  39. ^ Ichiro Ozawa, Japanese Politician, Calls Americans 'Simple-Minded', in HuffPost, 25 agosto 2010.
  40. ^ Americans 'simpleminded', in The Japan Times, 26 August 2010.
  41. ^ 'I don't like British people' says Japanese politician, in The Daily Telegraph, 25 August 2010.
  42. ^ Chris Irvine, Japanese politician launches attack on 'River Kwai' Britons, in The Daily Telegraph, 26 August 2010.
  43. ^ "Negative message" if Japan ends Afghan mission, in Reuters, 22 August 2007.
  44. ^ Ozawa would send SDF to Darfur crisis, in The Japan Times, 6 October 2007.
  45. ^ Yoko Kubota, Japan opposition's U.S. military remarks draw criticism, in Reuters, 26 February 2009.
  46. ^ [2] Archiviato il 27 February 2009 Data nell'URL non combaciante: 27 febbraio 2009 in Internet Archive.
  47. ^ [3] Archiviato il 2 March 2009 Data nell'URL non combaciante: 2 marzo 2009 in Internet Archive.
  48. ^ DPJ's Ozawa calls Christianity 'self-righteous', su japantoday.com, Japan Today, 11 November 2009.[collegamento interrotto]
  49. ^ Brasor, Philip, "'Hidden children' of politicians no hurdle to success", The Japan Times, 6 May 2012, p. 9.
  50. ^ Wife writes of divorcing radiation-scared Ozawa, 15 June 2012.

Further reading

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