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La declinazione magnetica è il valore dell'angolo sul piano orizzontale tra la direzione del nord magnetico (lungo le linee di forza del campo magnetico terrestre indicata dall'ago magnetico) e la direzione del meridiano del luogo, detto "nord vero" o "nord geografico". Si parla di declinazione Est (E) o declinazione Ovest (W) quando il nord magnetico è rispettivamente a est o a ovest del nord geografico; nelle calcolazioni nautiche, i valori di declinazione Est sono assunti positivi, i valori di declinazione Ovest sono assunti negativi.
Il valore della declinazione magnetica è assunta positiva e si parla in tal caso di declinazione Est (E); The declination is positive when the magnetic north is east of true northIl suo valore varia da luogo a luogo e varia nel tempo. La declinazione può essere Est (E) od Ovest (W) in funzione dell'orientamento delle locali linee di flusso del campo magnetico terrestre rispetto al meridiano locale.
Poiché i poli magnetici terrestri non coincidono con i poli geografici (intesi come i punti di intersezione dell'asse di rotazione con la superficie terrestre), il nord magnetico, indicato da una bussola magnetica, non indica esattamente la direzione del nord geografico. Per orientarsi correttamente al nord occorre correggere l'indicazione della bussola di un valore angolare che è dato dalla declinazione magnetica. Tale valore alle coordinate medie italiane, attualmente, è circa pari a 2°10'E e varia ogni anno di 5'Est.
Per poterla misurare, bisogna servirsi di un ago magnetico libero di ruotare intorno ad un asse verticale alla superficie terrestre; una volta che quest'ago ha raggiunto la posizione di equilibrio, misurando l'angolo che si forma tra il piano verticale passante per l' ago e il piano del meridiano terrestre nel punto considerato, si ottiene la declinazione magnetica.
La declinazione magnetica varia da punto a punto sulla superficie terrestre e varia nel tempo, in quanto il polo nord magnetico cambia continuamente posizione; attualmente si trova nel nord del Canada.
Collegamenti esterni
modifica- (EN) Calcolatore online del NOAA, su ngdc.noaa.gov. URL consultato il 9 luglio 2009.
Magnetic declination is the angle between magnetic north (the direction the north end of a compass needle points) and true north. The declination is positive when the magnetic north is east of true north. The term magnetic variation is a synonym, and is more often used in navigation. Isogonic lines are where the declination has the same value, and the lines where the declination is zero are called agonic lines.
Somewhat more formally, Bowditch defines variation as “the angle between the magnetic and geographic meridians at any place, expressed in degrees and minutes east or west to indicate the direction of magnetic north from true north. The angle between magnetic and grid meridians is called grid magnetic angle, grid variation, or grivation. Called magnetic variation when a distinction is needed to prevent possible ambiguity. Also called magnetic declination.” [1]
Change of declination in time and space
modificaMagnetic declination varies both from place to place, and with the passage of time. As a traveller cruises the east coast of the United States, for example, the declination varies from 20 degrees west (in Maine) to zero (in Florida), to 10 degrees east (in Texas), meaning a compass adjusted at the beginning of the journey would have a true north error of over 30 degrees if not adjusted for the changing declination.
In most areas, the spatial variation reflects the irregularities of the flows deep in the earth; in some areas, deposits of iron ore or magnetite in the Earth's crust may contribute strongly to the declination. Similarly, secular changes to these flows result in slow changes to the field strength and direction at the same point on the Earth.
The magnetic declination in a given area may change slowly over time, possibly as little as 2-2.5 degrees every hundred years or so, depending upon how far from the magnetic poles it is. For a location closer to the pole like Ivujivik, the declination may change by 1 degree every 3 years. This may be insignificant to most travellers, but can be important if using magnetic bearings from old charts or metes (directions) in old deeds for locating places with any precision.
Simply speaking, true north is the direction in which the north pole is located along the Earth's rotational axis, while magnetic north is the direction toward which the compass needle points.
Stating the declination
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There are three main ways of stating the declination for a given location:
- In a diagram
- On some maps intended for wilderness or navigational use, including the topographic maps of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), a diagram shows the relationship between magnetic north in the area concerned (with an arrow marked "MN") and true north (a vertical line with a five-pointed star at its top), with a label near the angle between the MN arrow and the vertical line, stating the size of the declination and of that angle, in degrees, mils, or both. (On USGS maps, the diagram is near the lower left hand corner, and the information labelled "GN" (grid north) in the same diagram is irrelevant to this discussion.)
- As the numeric size of the angle between magnetic and true north, and the direction from true north to magnetic north.
- For instance, "10° W" would indicate that magnetic north lies 10 degrees counter-clockwise from true north.
- Lines of equal declination (isogonic lines) are shown on aeronautical and nautical charts.
- As the signed number of degrees, where a positive angle indicates clockwise from true north and a negative counter-clockwise.
- For instance, "-10°" would indicate the same as the "10° W" just discussed.
Declination converts between true and magnetic bearings: True Bearing equals Magnetic Bearing plus Magnetic Declination. (See http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/geomag/faqgeom.shtml question 5d).
Discovering declination
modificaAn unknown declination can be discovered on location at that moment in time by reference to the celestial poles, the axis of circular motion of stars traversing the night sky.
In the northern hemisphere, if you can see Polaris (the North Star) the declination can be determined as the difference between the magnetic bearing and a visual bearing on the polestar. Polaris currently traces a circle 0.75° in radius around the north celestial pole, so this technique is accurate to within a degree. At high latitudes a plumb-bob is helpful to sight Polaris against a reference object close to the horizon, from which its bearing can be taken.[1]
Learning the declination for an area
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Most use of declination is in conjunction with a map; as stated, that map may state (or even illustrate) the local declination. If not,
- A general isogonic chart of the world or continent can be consulted for a rough estimate of the local declination (within a few degrees)
- A prediction of the current magnetic declination for a given location (based on a worldwide empirical model of the deep flows described above) can also be obtained on-line from a web page operated by the National Geophysical Data Center, a division of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration of the United States.
One would of course rather have the real declination than a prediction. However, a map is sure to be months or years out of date, whereas the model is built with all the information available to the map makers at the start of the five-year period it is prepared for. The model reflects a highly predictable rate of change, and will usually be more accurate than a map, and almost never less accurate.
Using the declination
modificaAdjustable compasses
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A magnetic compass points to magnetic north, not geographic north. Compasses of style commonly used for hiking usually include a "baseplate" marked with a bezel that includes a graduated scale of degrees along with the four cardinal directions. Most advanced / costlier compasses include a declination adjustment. Such an adjustment moves the red "orienting arrow" (found on the base of the liquid filled cylinder), and measures the angle by which it has been turned. Either the cylinder will have a mark to be read against the scale of degrees on the baseplate, or a separate scale will display the current adjustment in degrees. In either case, the underlying concept is that for a declination of 10° W, the red arrow on the cylinder must lie 10° E of 0°/N on the bezel. (Basically, in this case, you are permanently adding 10° to your future bearings to compensate for the -10° declination. If your declination was 10°E you would rotate the baseplate's orienting arrow 10° W of 0°/N to compensate for the +10° declination). In this sense, it can be said that the compass has been adjusted to indicate true north instead of magnetic north (as long as the compass remains within an area on the same isogonic line).
Non-adjustable compasses
modifica300px|thumb|left|How to compensate for magnetic declination when reading a compass. In this example, the declination is 14°E (+14°), so the compass card points to a "north" 14 degrees to the East of true North. To obtain a true bearing, add 14 degrees to the bearing shown by the compass. With a compass lacking an adjustable baseplate, a careful, well-practiced, compass user can analyse the combination of declination and task, and decide whether the declination is to be added or subtracted from the known direction to determine an unknown direction.
In a place where the declination needs to be subtracted from an angle measured on a map from true north to a destination, to learn the compass reading to follow (on an unadjusted compass) to walk that course, the declination needs to be added to the compass reading that a landmark lies along, to learn the direction on the map to seek the name to match the landmark with.
Navigation
modificaIn navigation the terminology of geomagnetism is used differently. In particular, magnetic declination is divided into two parts, namely magnetic variation and magnetic deviation. There are also three types of bearings—true, magnetic, and compass—which are related by the rules:
This relationship (finding what the compass should show when the true course is known) is frequently taught as:
- T = true course;
- V = variation (of the Earth's magnetic field);
- M = magnetic course (what the course would be in the absence of local declination);
- D = deviation caused by magnetic material (mostly iron and steel) on the vessel;
- C = compass course.
It is often combined with "West is Best, East is least"; that is to say, add W declinations when going True to Magnetic to Compass, and subtract E ones.
If one knows the course shown by the compass and wishes to find the course relative to true north, the steps are inverted and the signs of deviation and variation inverted.
A simple way of remembering which way to apply the correction is as follows: (in the Continental USA) For locations east of the agonic line (zero declination), roughly east of the Mississippi: The magnetic bearing is always bigger. For locations west of the agonic line (zero declination), roughly west of the Mississippi: The magnetic bearing is always smaller.
Variation
modificaMagnetic variation is the difference between true bearings and magnetic bearings and is caused by the different locations of the Geographic North Pole and the Magnetic North Pole plus any local anomalies such as iron deposits. Variation is the same for all compasses in the same location and is usually stated on good quality maps and charts, along with the date it was measured.
Deviation
modificaMagnetic deviation is the difference between magnetic bearings and compass bearings. Deviation varies for every compass in the same location and depends on such factors as the magnetic field of the boat, wristwatches, etc. The value will also vary depending on the orientation of the boat. Magnets and/or iron masses can be used to correct for deviation so that a particular compass will accurately give magnetic bearings. More commonly, however, a correction card will be drawn up listing errors for the compass which can then be compensated for arithmetically.
Air navigation
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Magnetic declination has a very important influence on air navigation, since the most simple aircraft navigation instruments are designed to determine headings by locating magnetic north through the use of a compass or similar magnetic device.
Aviation sectionals (maps / charts) and databases used for air navigation are based on True north rather than magnetic north, and the constant and significant slight changes in the actual location of magnetic north and local irregularities in the planet's magnetic field require that charts and databases be updated at least 2 times per year to reflect the current magnetic variation correction from True north. For example, as of March 2010, near San Francisco the magnetic north is about 14.3 degrees east of True north, with the difference decreasing by about 6 minutes of arc per year.[2]
When plotting a course, a pilot in most small planes will plot a trip using true north on a sectional (map), then, convert the true north bearings to magnetic north for in-plane navigation use (which rely on cockpit instruments that read magnetic north).
Radionavigation aids located on the ground, such as VORs, are also checked and updated to keep them aligned with magnetic north to allow pilots to use their magnetic compasses for accurate and reliable in-plane navigation
GPS systems used for air navigation can use magnetic north or true north. In order to make them more compatible with systems that depend on magnetic north, magnetic north is often chosen, at the pilot's preference. The GPS receiver natively reads in true north, but can elegantly calculate magnetic north based on its true position and data tables calculate the current location and direction of the north magnetic pole and (potentially) any local variations, if the GPS is set to use magnetic compass readings.
See also
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